Why I Am A Liberal Arts Education - 1123 Words

A liberal arts education encourages freedom by allowing students to grow individually and academically. Before I read the summer reading packet, I did not know this. By reading the packet, I understand what it means to be liberally educated at Loras College. The freedom and growth that I will experience through the liberal arts at Loras will allow me to become better-rounded as an individual. Because of this, I will have learned how to be a critical thinker and learner, see the whole picture of why I am learning what I am learning, and connect and use what I have learned to other aspects of life. I believe that through the liberal arts I will learn how see deeper into what I have learned, know the true reason of why I am learning what I am learning, expanding my knowledge by having a well-rounded education, and use that in real-world situations to better myself and society. Throughout my educational experience, I have been presented with different educational and social challenges th at I have had to overcome to prepare me for where I am at now at Loras College. My family has moved to different towns and school districts several times during my 13 years of education. We moved because of my father’s occupations in school administration. By starting as a teacher then moving up the ranks to being a principal, and eventually becoming a superintendent, my father has shown me the true meaning of achieving a goal and understanding why my family is where we are at today inShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of A Liberal Arts Education972 Words   |  4 PagesWhen I applied to college, one aspect when applying which was very important to me was to go to a liberal arts school. There were many reasons why this was important to me, from having heard about it from my counselors to finding it important to have a broad education. I chose Hope College as the school I wanted to go to because it brought together the importance of God and Christianity and it also is a liberal a rts school. When arriving at the school, I began to find out more about how importantRead MoreBecoming A Physician s Assistant One Day1474 Words   |  6 Pagesbulb in my head turned on. I am just a nineteen year old woman, fresh out of highschool compared to other students in this college, but knee deep in my first semester. I am a biology major, attending a liberal arts college, with the intent of becoming a Physician’s Assistant one day. The question of, â€Å"how on Earth am I supposed to sway the minds of people who are far more knowledgeable and intellectual than I am?† crossed my mind more times than I am proud to admit. If I had been asked to write thisRead MoreThe Liberal Arts Education Is Better Than A Education1409 Words   |  6 PagesNow that I am in college, I have pondered upon whether a liberal arts education is better than a vocational education; a topic that did not cross my mind in high school. A liberal arts curriculum includes the studies intende d to primarily provide general knowledge such as language, philosophy, literature, and abstract science and to develop general intellectual capacities, such as reason and judgment, as opposed to professional or vocational skills (merriam-webster.com). As students wanting to achieveRead MoreAnalysis Of Sanford J. Ungar s The New Liberal Arts 978 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The New Liberal Arts† by Sanford J. Ungar is an essay that talks about the benefits and misconeptions of receiving a liberal arts with Ungar on the benefits of students receiving a liberal arts education, but way the current education system is a liberal arts education isn’t the best financial choice to receive is a degree. education. Ungar was the president of a liberal arts education and the essay uses Ungars knowledge of liberal arts education to counteract arguments against students receivingRead MoreA Liberal Arts Education: Preparing You for Any Career Essay962 Words   |  4 PagesA liberal arts education should no longer be considered the â€Å"easy way out† when compared to a career-oriented education. A liberal arts education provides students with many benefits, as well as a well-rounded education. Although this is true, many people still have doubts about liberal arts educations. One of the many benefits of a liberal arts education is that you will receive training in a variety of subjects. You will have the opportunity to take many different types of classes. Within theRead MoreImportance Of Liberal Arts Education1346 Words   |  6 Pages Before beginning my college journey, I had considered what I expected out of a liberal arts education. My number one reason for attending Central was for their education program. My goal for the future, however shallowly thought out it may have been, was to be a good teacher, and make a difference in children’s lives. Because of Central’s Teacher Academy program, their high standards, and excellent reputation in the field, I knew this was the place that would help me attain those goals. HoweverRead MoreLiberal Arts Education : Becoming A Successful Consultant At Boston Consulting Group969 Words   |  4 PagesThe perception of Liberal Arts education has started to evolve over the years. Initially, Liber al Arts education was considered as a form of elitist education where nobles tried to expand on their knowledge on different topics rather than developing certain skills. However, as time is passing Liberal Arts education is becoming synonymous with personal development and critical thinking. While some people still believe that for a secure financial standing practical education such as going to a businessRead MoreLiberal Arts Breadth and My Education1210 Words   |  5 PagesLIBERAL ARTS BREADTH AND MY EDUCATION 3 Liberal Arts Breadth and My Education There are many benefits to getting a Liberal Arts degree in today’s economic market. It is a message to your employer that you are willing to take on new information, and learn more then what is necessary to succeed. It shows initiative and the ability to expand your horizons beyond yourself. In a Liberal Arts education there is more purpose then just learning the career field of choice. It is a program that teaches criticalRead MoreEssay on Specialization in Undergraduates1621 Words   |  7 Pagesin higher education? Some say yes, because it creates much more intelligent individuals in their respective fields. Others say no, because without the liberal arts, individuals will lack the necessary skills to succeed in today’s work environment. Both sides have well supported arguments, and often when one begins to think they’ve made a decision on which they agree with, they are swayed the other way. After reading, â€Å"Should Undergraduates Specialize?† by Patrick Allit, and, â€Å"Liberal Arts: A PracticalRead MoreTo Go To College, Or Not Go To College. This Is A Question1314 Words   |  6 PagesSanford J. Ungar’s essay, â€Å"The New Liberal Arts,† gives evidence towards why more people need to receive a liberal education at the college level because of the skills that such an education provides. I find Murray’s argument to be more convincing because when considering the question of, â€Å"Why go to college?†, one should always be aware of the payoff that their occupation may yield. It is also for that reason that I again agree with Murray, that a liberal education needs to be more readily available

Development of Anti-Idiotype Vaccine for Human Follicular Lymphoma Free Essays

string(102) " problems exist for ELISA-based detection of the tumor-specific and vaccine-induced humoral response\." Non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas (NHL) constitute a heterogeneous group of malignancies whose incidence has significantly increased in recent decades. In the year 2000, more than 145,000 cases of NHL were diagnosed in developed countries, representing thus the sixth most common cancer occurring among men and the eighth among women. Low-grade B-cell NHLs, in particular, are incurable diseases characterized by relatively slow growth and excellent initial responsiveness to chemotherapy but also by continuous relapses. We will write a custom essay sample on Development of Anti-Idiotype Vaccine for Human Follicular Lymphoma or any similar topic only for you Order Now In particular, for patients with follicular lymphoma, median overall survival (7-10 years) has not improved over the past 30 years. Although in the vast majority of patients complete or partial remissions can be obtained with either single agents or combination chemotherapy, the clinical course is characterized by a high relapse rate. After relapse, both the response rate and relapse-free survival after subsequent salvage treatment regimens steadily decrease, resulting in a median survival of only 4-5 years after the first relapse. These clinical findings, coupled with the substantial toxicities of standard treatments, have stimulated the search for novel and more tumor-selective therapies. Follicular lymphoma is a clonal B cell malignancy that expresses a unique antigen that is formed by the immunoglobulin light and heavy chains that possess highly variable regions at their amino termini. These variable regions combine to form the antigen recognition site, which can itself be recognized as an antigen, termed the idiotype. The antigen-binding site is a structural feature of each immunoglobulin that distinguishes it from other immunoglobulins. The idiotype of a particular clonal B cell lymphoma represents a tumor-specific antigen. Idiotype is a target of interest in human lymphoma. Therapeutic vaccines targeting B cell lymphoma idiotype (Id) represent a promising immunotherapeutic approach for a better clinical control of these malignancies. Immunoglobulin (Ig) molecules are composed of heavy and light chains that possess highly variable regions at their amino termini. B-cell malignancies are clonal proliferations of Ig-producing cells. The idiotypic determinants of the surface Ig can thus serve as a tumor-specific marker for the malignant clone. Indeed, both protein- and dendritic cell-based vaccines that use the patient-specific Id have resulted in clinically significant tumor-specific cellular responses with very little toxicity. A broad use of Id-based vaccination for B cell lymphomas, however, is hampered by the fact that these approaches are patient-specific so that the vaccine must be individually produced for each patient. On these grounds, new strategies obviating the need to produce customized vaccines would further simplify clinical applications of idiotypic vaccines. Goals: Goal 1: Establishment of a large database including sequences of idiotypic VH and VL genes expressed by a variety of lymphoproliferative disorders, including low grade B-NHL, autoimmunity-associated lymphoproliferations, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. This will allow the identification of candidate Id proteins for â€Å"cross-reactive† immunotherapy. Goal 2: Pre-clinical characterization of the immunogenicity of selected natural Id proteins, with particular regard to their ability to induce immune responses against lymphoma cells expressing molecularly correlated Id proteins. The characterization will include the identification of B cell epitopes and HLA Class I-restricted cytotoxic T cell epitopes using innovative approaches and will allow the development of dedicated assays for immunomonitoring. Goal 3: Design and validation of optimized Id vaccine. Goal 4: Evaluation and validation of new adjuvants and innovative delivery systems for improved Id vaccine formulations and administration. Goal 5: â€Å"Clinical-grade† production and purification of optimized Id proteins for patient vaccination. Introduction There are approximately 65,000 new cases of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma diagnosed each year in the US with a comparable number in Europe. Despite the use of aggressive chemotherapy and recent advances in therapy such as monoclonal antibodies (Rituxan, TM), the disease is almost invariably fatal. Follicular lymphoma (FL) patients, in particular, can have an indolent but ultimately fatal clinical course. The median relapse time for FL patients is three years, with 90% of patients dying of a tumor-related mortality within 7 years of the date of diagnosis. The clinical course is usually characterized by a series of remissions and relapses. Good response rates are seen with treatments such as chemotherapy, radiation, lymphocyte transplantation, and monoclonal antibodies. However, following initial response to treatment, the cancer invariably returns and the majority of patients relapse with resistance to all available therapy. Related B-cell derived neoplasms include multiple myeloma (approx. 15,000 cases/year in the US and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (approx. 10,000 cases/year in the US). Isolation of tumor-specific antigens (TSAs) has been a long sought-after goal for scientists involved in both basic and clinical research. Whereas tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) are localized on both normal and tumor cells, TSA are peculiar to tumor cells. This characteristic makes TSA a very desirable target for immune therapy strategies aiming to spare normal cells, or at least the indispensable ones. As regards effectors mechanisms, although some indirect evidence exists for participation of both natural killer (NK) cells (especially those activated by IL-2, known as lymphokine- activated killer, or LAK cells), and TNF-secreting macrophages in tumor immunity, most interest has been focused on the role of antigen-specific antibodies and T lymphocytes. This is particularly true among scientists developing anti-Id vaccines for human FL, even though no substantial agreement has yet been reached on which of the two main effectors pathways is most important. FL conforms to the general rule that tumors have several mechanisms to escape the attention of the immune system. The risks that Ig somatic hypermutations could result in aminoacid residue replacements leading to substantial changes within the fine immunogenic structure of the Id do not seem to be so relevant. Indeed, no such occurrence has been reported in any of the several dozen patients who have been immunized over the last decade. A much more relevant issue is the very limited ability of FL cells to present their own antigens. Although ontogenetically very close to normal mature B-lymphocytes, with respect to their normal counterparts FL cells are very poor as antigen presenting cells (APCs). This makes it rather difficult to evaluate any vaccine-induced, tumor-specific cytotoxicity even in vitro. On the other hand, no such problems exist for ELISA-based detection of the tumor-specific and vaccine-induced humoral response. You read "Development of Anti-Idiotype Vaccine for Human Follicular Lymphoma" in category "Papers" The first study of anti-Id vaccinations in humans dates only from 1992. Until then, all the work had obviously been confined to animal models. However, the accumulation of experimental data has led to the development of several promising strategies that are currently being investigated in clinical trials. These include the utilization of the Id in the form of a soluble protein or as a DNA sequence, either used to pulse dendritic cells (DCs) or else to be administered in combination with immunologic adjuvants. Soluble protein Id vaccine production is based on a hybridoma technique, which in vitro allows production of exactly the same Ig as that present on the surface of the clonal B cells of FL, or in other words the tumor-specific Id. The suspension of single cells obtained from a biopsy specimen almost invariably contains a residual population of normal B-lymphocytes alongside the tumor cells. Screening of the hybridomas by means of Ig heavy chain CDR3 PCR identification is therefore required in order to make sure that the Ig of the selected hybridoma is truly identical to the tumor- associated one.31 Once the cultured hybridoma has yielded enough purified Id, the TSA needs to be made far more immunogenic than it is in its free form. For this purpose, it may either be conjugated with a highly immunogenic carrier such as keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), or else used to pulse autologous DCs. The association of a soluble protein Id vaccine with immunologic adjuvants monocyte colony-stimulating-has also proved extremely important. Granulocyte factor (GM-CSF) currently seems to be the best such adjuvant both in animal models and humans, probably because of its capacity for local recruitment of DCs in vivo at the site of vaccine injections. This step would appear to be superfluous when autologous DCs are loaded with Id ex vivo and then re-injected into the patient. A completely different alternative approach involves administration of the patients’ Id-encoding DNA sequence. With the rise of molecular technology, such DNA vaccines are beginning to come into their own. For instance, exploitation of appropriate molecular vectors (ie containing both a leader and promoter sequence) for insertion of the nucleotide sequences responsible for biosynthesis of both the Ig heavy and light chains variable regions is now relatively easy. Between the heavy- and light-chains variable regions sequences, an intertwined linker peptide must also be inserted to allow the ultimate Id-containing molecule (scFv) to fold properly. Furthermore, the vaccine can be further strengthened by adding other DNA sequences encoding for immunologic adjuvants or powerful immunogens to the vector. Finally, intramuscular injections allow progressive release of the Id following synthesis by muscular cells. In addition, this administration route seems to be associated with prolonged conservation of the genetic information within the cells without any apparent signs of integration into their genome. Experimental Design Goal 1: Establishment of a large database including sequences of idiotypic VH and VL genes expressed by a variety of lymphoproliferative disorders, including low grade B-NHL, autoimmunity-associated lymphoproliferations, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. This will allow the identification of candidate Id proteins for â€Å"cross-reactive† immunotherapy. In establishing a database, there will be steps to follow in order to support the evidences claimed. I. Finding the cases and the occurrence of VH and VL in lymphoproliferative disorders in different hospitals and institutions that could provide valuable information for the said disorders. The facts and information should have the confirmed consent of the persons involved. II. Subjecting the cases to thorough analysis to provide the essential information needed in documenting the cases. III.   Testing the subject under the identification of Id proteins. IV. Organizing the information and establishing the database. Methods: Establishing a database to easily organize information and data needed in making the information available readily whenever they will analyze situation in which there is a suspected occurrence of lymphoproliferative disorder. By providing the information needed, they could develop system that would make things easier for them to do actions required in addressing such situation. Primary step is consolidating all the available facts and information provided that they have the consent from the owner of the information. By having the desired facts available for the reorganization of it, they could classify it according to the general category they want to use in creating their database. It could be based on severity of the case or could be base on gender or any factor that could greatly affect the situation. Then, by gathering the information they needed, the analysis of the data should be carefully done for them to eliminate excess and negligible data for an easier organization of the structure of their available resources. By implicating the main thrust of the database to the core concept of having advance cases of NHL, the higher chance they could get the information and the data based on the clinical findings of actual patients and people who suffered from that. By simply opening the way of introducing different vaccines in addressing the situation, they could develop a system of transferring and managing information that could make things easier especially in developing new technology and medicinal advancement in creating a better and more effective ways of treating such disease. By making the information more manageable, they could likely innovate an advance communication that would lead them in establishing better information and data management for the use of the development of vaccines and cures. Since they have the information but they should examine carefully every bit of information that will be a part of their set of data and facts. By looking closely to the subjects result and the specification of the action done, the development of such process in introducing a new finding on the matter should be considered. Since the goal is to establish a database that will focus on the information that could provide the facts needed on the cases diagnosed with a NHL, it is important to screen the cases as important and not negligible for them to be able to use it as a case. At the end of the process, they would go back to their primary goal and that is to establish a functional database that the core information and the key factors are integrated in a way that it would make the processing of facts and vital data would be efficient and effectively handled. Also, it will introduce technology that would compensate the fast rising of development in technological advancement even in the field of medicine. Because there are ready to use valuable information for them to handle and initialize their desired action, they would be able to commend the different opportunities in which they could get specimens and studied it for future discoveries and researches. In all, by their incorporation of the cases of NHL and their desired goal of making the information available for them to be able to easily study and review the situations and cases they previously have for them to execute and evaluate the validity of the existing tests in the current occurrence of the disease in the real place. Goal 2: Pre-clinical characterization of the immunogenicity of selected natural Id proteins, with particular regard to their ability to induce immune responses against lymphoma cells expressing molecularly correlated Id proteins. The characterization will include the identification of B cell epitopes and HLA Class I-restricted cytotoxic T cell epitopes using innovative approaches and will allow the development of dedicated assays for immunomonitoring. In dealing with the pre-classification of the immunogenicity of selected natural Id proteins, the processes involved are: I.   Accumulating soluble proteins to be tested. II. Testing them with hybridoma essential in testing the equivalence of the tumor inducing material that leads to development of the tumor. III.   Inducing the effect of the proteins and identifying its effect on B cells. IV. Using advance technique in analyzing the result and implicating with the use of the modern testing equipment and processes. Accumulation: Testing the proteins for it to be classified will be the first step. From the patients who are suffering from FL, different samples will be getting for the medical technology to be applied. Then by cultivating natural proteins, they will use it to further test the capacity of the natural cell in penetrating and deeply interacting with other Id proteins in the development of resistance to such substance. By eradicating some external factors such as the presence of other organisms, they could screen the protein level for them to be able to produce and test the Id proteins by exposing it to toxoids that could develop resistance on the desired solution. Then, the Id proteins gathered will be stored for further testing. Testing: Then, preparation of the Id protein to be tested will be carefully done in a controlled environment. Since the tumor development can not be detected by the immune system, the development of inducing material will be necessary for them to penetrate the basic defenses of the tumor. By exposing it to NKL, tumor will exhibit a different behavior but will not be extinguished. Since B cells epitope derived multiply myeloma that had been the major cause of the return of the behavior of the tumor cells, the gradual exposing it to be classified by soluble Id proteins will be dedicated. The allowance of certain percent productivity will be the basic goal of the clinical testing for them to be able to derive the pre-classification scheme that will determine substances that induce immunity on certain level with the use of soluble and Id protein present in the environment. Effect and its Identification After the testing had been carefully done, they will examine its effect on various elemental positions by trying the substance on the possible outcome. Then, FL cells will be isolated then proteins will be added to see the effect on the neoplasms produced by B-cells. Since the outcome would produce certain behavior that will exhibit a different expected one, the process will be repeatedly associated with soluble proteins to target the development of TSA since it target tumor cells. Analyzing the Result Then, the result will be analyzed in a way that it consistently produces same output. Then after looking closely and making sure that no other substance induced the effect, the validity of the result will be the next concern in analyzing the data. For it to be valuabe, the result should consist the scientific analysis of the vaccine to be introduced for them to be able to adopt a real one. Goal 3: Design and validation of optimized Id vaccine. Since the protein had been introduced in TSA that would target tumor cells, it is important to develop the next stage wherein it will pay attention to that. Tumor cells, after being extinguished by some other methods, always come back and provide a worse situation that before. It is a common problem of the development of cure because as soon as they introduce stronger antigens and antibiotics, the cells develop stronger immunity to them, making them more powerful and gave them the power to come back and come back whenever they are defeated. The result of the previous testing of the material will be used as the raw data in determining the precise development of the vaccine needed for the tumor cells. Toxoids produced by microorganisms will be introduced to the tumor cells for them to create an astounding reaction with the cells to help the antigens produce a better shield to the tumor cells. They would also address the production of its own immunity by targeting the B cells epitopes produced by the tumor cells for them to be able to weaken the effect of the tumor cells in the body. By simply having the same effect on the cells, they would establish the immunity desired. In addition, since soluble proteins produces amino acid residue, the effect of it to the development of various outgoing tumor cells will be beneficial in the sense that it would catch up the screening proves by a hard core stimulation of heavy chain CDR3 PCR. Then, the use of material that would likely predict the behavior will also introduce for the existing antigen to determine it. Goal 4: Evaluation and validation of new adjuvants and innovative delivery systems for improved Id vaccine formulations and administration. After having the result of the vaccine being tested hand-on on the tumor cells, the activation of the production of antigens will be manipulated for those to be able manage the outcome of the result. By having the systematic chain of micro toxoids that will enter the entire system of the body, they would likely produce different kinds of reactions that would benefit the production of self stimulating antigens. By exposing it to different procedures that would attest the certainty and validity of the desired production, after introducing different sets of toxoids and NK cells, the development of the self inducing multiple protein will help in eradicating the symptoms and the effect of FL. It is known that FL is fatal in terms of its effect on the human entire system. So it is important to devise a precise way of handling and dealing with it for them to be able to have an outer perspective of the natural phenomena. Id proteins will act as binders to the solutions that will be used in strengthening NK cells and TSA to promote the development and inhibit the further production of malignant development of tumor cells. By preventing the further growth of it, they would have larger revenue in which they could satisfy the needs and the improvement for having a stronger antigen. Then, natural growth of TSA will be affected by the inducing of soluble protein to target dendritic cells for them to be able to manifest the basic function of fighting foreign toxins that could affect the development of the tumor as a vital implication of the vaccine. The use of different methods in determining the feasibility of inducing the growth and the development of natural antigens that would be sufficient enough to fight the invading tumor cells will be of great use for them to be able t produce more antigens that will prevent the further worsening of the situation. Validating the use f the vaccine as one of the potential sources of defense against the foreign material invading the system would be beneficial if the could handle the needs of having a more systematized and organized level of founding a solution that would focus on the elimination of cell processes that inhibits the growth of malignant tumor like FL that is fatal to humans. Subjecting enough NK cells to further strengthening process will help them in making the process worthwhile I making a protein Id that would address the situation as founding solution to the antigen development. Goal 5: â€Å"Clinical-grade† production and purification of optimized Id proteins for patient vaccination. After developing the vaccine the process would involve the following: I.   Purifying the Vaccine to be prepared. II.   Final Verification III. Mass Production IV.   Patient Vaccination Purification After devising the vaccine, the next step is purifying it by eliminating microorganisms that would have effects on the vaccine. By continuously subjecting the vaccine into different microorganism killing environment, they would lessen the potential of having such. Radiating and constantly developing processes will be sufficient in terminating such microorganisms. Final Verification After the purification of the vaccine, a method will be done for them o be able to test if the results are really valid by having it tested for final verification. It is important to deal with it because the importance f verifying the vaccine would greatly affects its validity in the medical society. By having it tested trough lab rats or animals that have developed FL tumors; they would be injected with such vaccine for them to see if the previous results will e the same. Mass Production After the verification process, the next process will involve producing the vaccine enough for human consumption. The proteins that deal with the development of TSA would have a various report on it validity and essentialism for them to be able to have a developed system of introducing vaccines. Vaccination After the production and the vaccine is ready to use, it would be given to the patients, as long as it is approved by the medical board, to be sued as vaccine against the development of FL into malignant tumors that endangered the lives of many people. Then, by having the system of production of certain involvement of the NK cells within the hybridoma of dendritic cells, the vaccine will be of much use since it will introduce antigens that will prepare the body for the possible FL development. Since there are certain kinds of toxoids that will be introduced, there will be a harsh reaction at first to the place where it is injected because of the behavior of the toxoids and the T cells of the body. This is a sign that the vaccine is effective and doing a reaction that would strengthen the immune system of the body. Discussion After the development of the vaccine in FL, it is important to understand the need of developing such because of its adverse effect on the development of humans. It endangered the lives of many people without having the prior notification of the said disease. This is a vital step in the clinical world. Considering the existence of the natural antigens present in the environment, by the use of Id proteins that inhibits the growth of tumor cells; it would be beneficial to mankind if the continuous development will take place. By exploring the kind of the interaction ventured in this kind of process, the elemental composition of the vaccine would be developed to address the needs of the people in having the desired implication of the subject process. The processing of vaccine would include the development of stages in which it would acknowledge the presence of the cells responsible for the development of the disease. In effect, they would have a better understanding on the subject, matter and would increase the possibility of having a curable state. By implicating the notion of having a different technique in addressing the development of the vaccine, the question left for it is how long would it last for them not only to develop vaccine but also to develop a cure that would forever block the negative effects of the disease. By using and ensuring the safety of the user, they would have a proper citation of the needed plan for them to be able to execute the importance of the vaccine and its use in the modern life. Furthermore, by examining the application of the vaccine in the curing of the disease, we would see the importance of development and use of innovating techniques in determining the possible outcome of the curing of the disease. Finally, the consideration of the process if it fits the standards of the medical consideration despite the fact that there exist different processes that involve much medicinal advancement should take into consideration the impact of the introduction of this vaccine prior to the ethical understanding of the matter.   Since FL can be considered as one of the deadliest disease that one can have, the help of having a vaccine against it is beneficial to the human industry. How to cite Development of Anti-Idiotype Vaccine for Human Follicular Lymphoma, Papers

Comparative Business Ethics Of Galleon †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Comparative Business Ethics Of Galleon. Answer: Comparative Business Ethics And Social Responsibility Insider trading calls into questions issues or legality and morality based on ethical considerations. The action taken when using insider information, should be analyzed from the perspective of whether the outcomes can lead to an illegality or not. The action could be legal but not ethical. It could also be illegal yet ethical. Regulators, executives and investors have an important role in reducing the use of insider information within their spheres of authority. Varied implications can arise when nonpublic information is used in trading company stocks. Investigations into cases involving insider trading require secrecy in order to reduce interference and tampering with the evidence. This is critical in successful prosecutions which serve as a deterrent for fund managers from taking similar paths and actions. Insider traders in Wall Street use a number of techniques in order to gain information which is considered nonpublic (US SEC 2017). These range from sifting through the garbage of the target company in which the information is being sought. Disgruntled employees are also used to give information about their companies either with financial inducement or out of malice. Moles are also planted within companies with the aim of collecting confidential information. Persons of high rank who are privy to confidential documents are also corrupted out of avarice in order to leak news before it is made public. The above techniques of collecting information are common in Wall Street. Regulator, investor and executives can undertake the following measures in order to reduce such practices. Regulators The main regulator tasked under the law is the Securities and Exchange Commission. The regulator can push for the reform of the insider trading law as currently stated. The law is weak in setting out the penalties that can be meted out to those found to be culpable. The law is weak in substance but expansive in theory. Defense lawyers capitalize on this shortcoming when representing offenders who have been found guilty of breaching its tenets. Eisenberg Gates (2017) state that in the ruling of Salman v United States, the Supreme Court refused to accept the theories set out as having no basis in law. Strengthening the law would give the regulator more authority in successfully prosecuting such cases. Stiffer penalties and sentencing would act as the deterrent that would curb the illegal techniques of gathering information. Investors Investors often make choices to invest after receiving information from financial advisors who operate in Wall Street. Some of these entities are in actual fact nothing more than illegal information gathering shops. These advisors form part of the intricate labyrinth within Wall Street that propagates the continued use of techniques that are illegal when gathering information. Investors can help curb such practices by undertaking due diligence to establish how such financial advisors gather their information. Seeking the SEC in cases where they need confirmation is advisable before engaging such firms. This will help reduce the use of such practices and which is the basis of insider trading. This will also help to protect the funds they have been tasked with investing. Executives Executives can reduce this vice from two perspectives. The first perspective is where the executive is leading a firm engaged in trading shares or managing funds. Having a strong and clear organizational policy on insider trading is important. It should spell out the boundaries of trading together with penalties applicable for breaches. Sherwood (2012) states those blackout periods should be included in such a policy. This includes periods such as before companies release material information or the release of quarterly earnings. Limitations on how employees can dispose of their shares will also reduce the practice of insider trading by making it difficult to gain from selling their company stocks. Adopting share plans which are automatic by the executives is a good starting point. The second perspective for executives is where they are leading companies that are actively traded on the stock exchange. To ensure that their employs are not enticed by external players to engage in such practices, creating a conducive working environment is encouraged. Providing leadership that promotes equity and fairness will ensure that no employees are disgruntled and who may decide to sell confidential company information. Promoting and instilling work ethics will also reduce the probability of such occurrences at the workplace. Regular screening of employees in order to identify moles should be encouraged. Improving security and ensuring confidential company documents are safeguarded or properly destroyed will also assist in reducing this vice in Wall Street. One of the implications of sharing insider information is with regards to stocks which are traded. The information used to buy or sell shares on the stock exchanges distorts the true reality and value of the market and distorts market forces. The market forces are the fundamental stabilizing foundations that ensure stability in the market. Smith Block (2016) assert that artificial manipulation of the market dynamics creates instability that can lead to market crashes. Artificial and inflated value is given to stocks without backing based on market fundamentals. Trading based on insider information can result in market crashes it is discovered that particular company shares are inflated artificially. Sabin (2009) states that a good example occurred in 1920, when the actions of J.P Morgan Co precipitated the market crash that triggered the Great Depression. Another implication of sharing confidential material information is that it has the potential to harm investors. In the event that the material facts being shared are false, making decisions based from that stand can lead to massive losses. This is the basis of ponzi schemes and scams within companies. Some information which is passed on is intentionally misleading. It is given with the aim of triggering a domino and cascading effect that is capitalized by a select few (Walsh 2017). On getting such information and passing it on with cross checking is dangerous and unethical. It creates culpability on the person sharing such information. This is despite the person involved not gaining personally from such material facts. Overland (2017), posits that it therefore can lead to one being enjoined in civil and criminal proceedings despite having innocently passing on such facts off the cuff. The other critical implication of sharing confidential knowledge about a stock is that it is intricately linked with the larger financial market and the economy at large (Witter 2016). Third parties may take out a bank loan to purchase the stocks which they think will appreciate. In the case that the stock does not appreciate but plunges down puts the bank at risk as it holds stock which is not worth its value. When this occurs on a massive scale due to several thousand people buying at the same time, banks may ultimately fail and need to be rescued. The instability in the financial institutions may cause ripple effects that affect the whole economy. Thus insider trading has the implication of harming the economy of a nation at large. Knowing information that is nonpublic changes the dynamics when one is trading a stock from three perspectives. The first reasoning that will guide the decision taken will be based on ethical grounds in not trading such a stock (Ferrel, Fraedrich Ferrel 2017). The ethical principle of rights and duties is appropriate in this particular situation (Xu Ma 2016). The senior manager to whom I report to has the right to the information in my possession in order to give directions on how to proceed. I also have the right to privacy in controlling the way I control the material facts about the stock. I should exercise good judgment and discretion as a trader. With the rights come duties such as the duty to act truthfully, with integrity and to do justice. The concept of not causing harm to others will also guide me in handling a stock of which I am privy to confidential information. The second reasoning that will guide my actions is based on institutional guidelines on such incidences. This will be in the form of the existing company policy that articulates the circumstances, sensitivity and size of outcomes of trading in such a stock (Governance Institute of Australia 2014). The terms set out in the employment contract that spell out obligations of confidentiality should also contribute to the decision that will be made. Lenkey (2014) states that apart from the confidentiality agreements which are internal, similar arrangements with external stakeholders should be taken in consideration in making taking a holistic position. If the company whose stock is being traded actively and purposely leaked information to their advantage, the lack of a confidentiality agreement should not lessen the ethical position that may influence me. The third perspective is that of trading the stock as a stock holder. In the event that selling the stock will substantially benefit me, I have to balance the outcome with ethical considerations. Based on the theory of consequentialism, weighing the outcomes of the action taken is critical. Will my action result in minimizing harm and maximizing benefit or the vice versa (Andric Tanyi 2016). The altruistic position would be ideal in this situation in that it will lead to benefiting others even at my personal cost. I may miss out in benefiting financially but will help in a small way in reducing the overall domino effect of selling simultaneously by similar stockholders. This action helps reflect the true value of the stock for other holders. The employment of secret investigation by SEC is helpful in successful prosecutions that lead to convictions. The investigation which uses methods such as wiretaps and informers helps to keep the investigation confidential and minimizes interference (Chang 2012). The principal persons being investigated may derail the investigation if a formal investigation is launched. They may tamper with the evidence by destroying incriminating documents in their possession. Witnesses who may testify against them stand to be intimidated or even eliminated. Witnesses are often forced to cooperate with the prosecutors in order to lessen their part in the case through plea bargaining. They may alternatively be coerced by monetary gain to refuse to testify. Secret investigations avail more material facts and information that leads to successful convictions. Secret investigations help to reduce the propensity by fund managers and investors from divulging nonpublic information. The lack of knowledge as to whether they are being investigated helps to keep in such persons in check and to be in compliance with company policy and laws that regulate insider trading. This in effect makes everybody who can engage in such practices a target and potential suspect. The unspoken implications are clearly spelt out in the outcomes of cases that have been concluded. The penalties exacted coupled with the prison sentences serve as the deterrent that works to reduce the practice of insider trading. Friedrich (2016) asserts that the precedent set helps keep in check organizational malpractices when using nonpublic information. The investigation that is secret also helps to reduce the bonds that are normally prevalent within Wall Street. The hedge fund industry is run by a tightly knit group of persons. Most of them attended the same schools for the elite and are family friends. Ahern (2017) states that the ability to penetrate such networks and circles is difficult due to the deep loyalties that holds toward each other. The only way that investigators can breach such loyalties is through the use of covert means such as wire tapping. Such persons within the group can quickly find out suspicious outsiders. Taking time to ingratiate moles in such situations is difficult and takes up too much invaluable time in the investigation. Thus secret investigations quicken the process, saves manpower and resources. Conclusion The Galleon case serves to present the potential outcomes that are associated with insider trading. Insider trading involves using nonpublic information to make personal gain when trading stocks. The investigator and regulator used secret means of investigating which yielded successful outcomes. Executives, investors and regulators can get engaged proactively in order to reduce this vice within organizations. Being privy to such confidential material information, calls for one to make decisions based on ethics and morality as well as company policy. The outcomes of this particular case set the precedent that deters future criminality in using insider information. This is based on the use of private investigations that considers fund managers as potential suspects to be investigated. References Ahern, KR, 2017, 'Information networks: Evidence from illegal insider trading tips', Journal of Financial Economics, vol. 125, no. 1, pp. 26-47. Available from: 10.1016/j.jfineco.2017.03.009, viewed 20 September 2017. Andri?, V, Tanyi, A, 2016, 'Multi-Dimensional Consequentialism and Risk', Ethical Theory Moral Practice, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 49-57. Available from: 10.1007/s10677-015-9658-5, viewed 20 September 2017. Chang, A., 2012, Wall Street wiretaps: investigators use insiders own words to convict them, viewed 20 September, https://www.npr.org/2012/12/26/168021457/wall-street-wiretaps-investigators-use-insiders-own-words-to-convict-them Eisenberg, J., Gates, L, 2017, Insider trading law after Salam, viewed 20 September, https://corpgov.law.harvard.edu/2017/01/18/insider-trading-law-after-salman/ Ferrel, O., Fraedrich, J., Ferrel, L., 2017, Business Ethics: Ethical Decision Making Cases (11 Ed), CEngage Friedrich, EK, 2016, 'Insider Trading After Newman : The Impact on Financial Institutions', Journal of Taxation Regulation of Financial Institutions, vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 23-30. Governance Institute of Australia, 2014, Handling confidential market-sensitive information: Principles of good governance, viewed 20 September, https://www.governanceinstitute.com.au. Lenkey, SL, 2014, 'Advance Disclosure of Insider Trading', Review of Financial Studies, vol. 27, no. 8, pp. 2504-2537. Overland, J 2017, 'Insider Trading, Materiality and the Reasonable Person: Who Must Be Influenced for Information to Have a "Material Effect"?', Australian Business Law Review, vol. 45, no. 3, pp. 213-228. Sabin, G, 2009, 10 Folks who got rich during the Depression, viewed 20 September, https://edition.cnn.com/2009/LIVING/08/20/mf.fortune.depression/ Sherwood, M, 2012, How to prevent insider trading in your ranks, viewed 20 September, https://beta.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/careers/business-education/how-to-prevent-insider-trading-in-your-ranks/article4239232/?ref=https://www.theglobeandmail.com Smith, T, Block, W, 2016, 'The Economics of Insider Trading: A Free Market Perspective', Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 139, no. 1, pp. 47-53. Available from: 10.1007/s10551-015-2621-5, viewed 20 September 2017. US SEC, 2017, Fast answers: Insider trading, viewed 20 September, https://www.sec.gov/fast-answers/answersinsiderhtm.html Walsh, J, 2017, '"LOOK THEN TO BE WELL EDIFIED, WHEN THE FOOL DELIVERS THE MADMAN": INSIDER-TRADING REGULATION AFTER SALMAN V. UNITED STATES', Case Western Reserve Law Review, vol. 67, no. 3, pp. 979-997. Witter, N, 2016, 'Insider Trading and Newman Applied: Goldman Sachs', Review of Banking Financial Law, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 144-158. Xu, Z, Ma, H, 2016, 'How Can a Deontological Decision Lead to Moral Behavior? The Moderating Role of Moral Identity', Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 137, no. 3, pp. 537-549. Available from: 10.1007/s10551-015-2576-6. [20 September 2017].